It is therefore no accident that one of the campaigners for probability theory—the Marquis de Condorcet, who was a leader of the early phases of the French Revolution—made it his task to introduce mathematics, including probability theory, into universal schooling for all French citizens. It also leads you to think about their shared epistemic virtues. One Jeanswear Group LLC has 800 total employees across all of its locations and generates $92.97 million in sales (USD). And it can work in the other direction—a hypothesis developed from ethnographic work may require statistical testing. He acted as an executive producer during the Due South’s final season. Legend has it that many of them were unemployed cooks and hairdressers previously from noble households that were dissolved when their masters were guillotined or fled. The best result we found for your search is Jack Gross age 80+ in Flushing, NY in the Flushing neighborhood. How did the early probabilists draw on the law for the concepts that they thought needed quantification? Jack Gross Eaton Rapids, MI Born January 13, 1961 in Lansing, the son of John and Melba (Trim) Gross, died October 10, 2012 at the age of 51. The important point is the extent to which this labor has been erased from the triumphal histories of calculation. Across Pennsylvania, consumers are being denied the basic ability to obtain shelter. In commodities markets, purchasing wheat or pork belly futures for the next year would be an example. Unlike the work of Ian Hacking and Barbara Shapiro, who were examining the emergence of the concept of probability, your project focused squarely on the emergence of mathematical probability. In the winter of 2018 Jack sold his first screenplay. By Jack Gross, President of the Greater Lehigh Valley REALTORS®. Could you describe this history and how you came to see the development of calculation as a story about the division of labor? Is that accurate? jg: What makes your research compelling for readers far outside your discipline is that you historicize areas of science whose language or mode of reasoning has become so commonplace that we forget they have origins in methodology. Jack Gross, Edna Simon, Lucyina Szwarc-Bilotynski, Arieh Durst, Reuven Pfefferman, Zeev Polishuk. Jack has 5 jobs listed on their profile. For most of their extremely long history, rules have been formulated to allow a great deal of suppleness in their application. It’s salutary to work in a language like German, which, unlike English, did not narrow the meaning of “science” in the 19th century to mean only the natural sciences. It’s a nonstarter as a historical hypothesis, even if some of the early applications did deal with gambling and chance. To have a spectrum, in which there were degrees of probability between the extreme values of truth and falsehood, was a gobsmacking upheaval. In a conjuncture defined by high ideological tension, in which elite consensus and power structures seem increasingly discredited and the scope of political possibility is wider than in recent memory, Phillips-Fein's work is particularly topical. Lorraine Daston: It started with a collaborative project on Cold War rationality, when I realized there was a clear difference between traditional philosophical ideas of reason and a form of rationality that came to characterize the American human sciences in the mid-20th century. Before moving to Jack's current city of Franklin Lakes, NJ, Jack lived in Miromar Lakes FL, New York NY and Edison NJ. This is a form of reasoning which is quite familiar to us, even if its quantification by an arithmetic of proof now seems strange: weighing and combining strong evidence with weak evidence in order to come to a reasoned judgment. We also found 12 background checks for Jack Gross, including criminal records. This interview was originally published in the, Classical Probability in the Enlightenment. jg: It seems that there’s a thread that ties together calculation, Cold War rationality, and mathematical probability, which is the rationalization and formalization of various aspects of human judgment. Optimizing the Crisis. Jack Gross Research Writer and Editor Jack Gross is a writer, editor and researcher. FREE Background Report. Aleatory contracts opened a loophole in these prohibitions: taking a risk was considered to be a form of work that entitles the risk-taker (for example, someone who lent a merchant money for a long voyage) to collect interest on an investment. Until the late-19th century, calculation was called mechanical labor, but no machines were involved. There’s nothing epistemologically inevitable about it—quite the contrary. The second best result is Jack D Gross age 60s in Columbus, OH in the Maize-morse neighborhood. This is the moment when the unthinkable becomes thinkable. (Harvard College Observatory). Background Checks These programs require a mapping of the world in a way that is computationally legible, and translating the messy world into one that makes sense to a computer is imperfect. But the history of science has also been quite permeable to the methods of the social sciences. Enlightenment thinkers held that this form of reasoning must be made accessible to everyone. Never in the history of human rulemaking have we created a rule or a law that did not stub its toe against unanticipated particulars (just ask the Facebook moderators who must clean up after the algorithms). Our editors are Maya Adereth and Jack Gross. But this leads to another, perhaps less obvious question: How does the once-unthinkable become not only thinkable but self-evident? Jack Gross: Regulating the Poor develops a theoretical framework for the function of welfare in the United States—how did you develop this approach to American welfare, and how did you … Babbage was also a political economist—a banker—who studied the French project and concluded that “merely mechanical” work, performed by people whom he considered mindless, could be done by a machine. Our conversation was edited for length and clarity. He was born September 9, 1959 in Farmington a son of Alvin and Constance Marie (Benjamin) Gross. The ensuing political crisis would provide an opening in which to enact broad and lasting anti-poverty policy. They have also lived in Hays, KS and Dodge City, KS. Phenomenal World January 29th, 2020 Historicizing the Self-Evident — Jack Gross In the former, income redistribution increases employment and productivity, and in the latter it does not. One of the great calculating projects of the late 18th century is the French attempt to recalculate logarithms on a base 10 system as a tribute to the metric system of the French Revolution. How did you begin working on this project? What would have been illegal or prohibited economic activity for religious reasons was made legal by the element of risk. Select this result to view Jackie Gross's phone number, address, and more. He manages the Phenomenal World. If all who were entitled to government benefits claimed them, they argued, the system would buckle, exposing the magnitude of American poverty and the inadequacy of its safety net. Why not just follow their lead? Jack is related to Sandra J Gross and Donald P Gross as well as 3 additional people. I think it’s an artifact of the educational system. There’s not a machine in sight. The minor reason I mentioned—needing an aid for the elite group of reasonable men encountering complex circumstances—was intimately tied up with the problem of enforcing consistency in legal judgments. One part of this story, then, is the association of calculation first with the division of labor, and then with very cheap labor. These two senses of “mechanical” converge with Charles Babbage, the mathematician who designed the first computers. jg: Your book makes a strong case that the quantification pursued by the early probabilists was founded on legal concepts, like “degrees of uncertainty” and “probabilistic expectation.” This comes as a corrective to a common notion, which is that probability theory emerged from gambling or games of chance. Jack is related to Richard P Gross and Timothy Gross as well as 3 additional people. Drawing on a Kaleckian framework which sees output as a function of effective demand, their paper distinguishes between "wage-led" and "profit-led" growth regimes. When these systems are optimizing over large populations of people, some people lose out in the calculation. I became interested in quantification abstractly, but also quite concretely—as I was the object of some of these attempts to quantify judgment. In so doing, POTs find a way to restore what optimization seeks to hide, revealing that what gets laundered as technical problems are actually political ones. He works on documents across JFI’s projects and runs Phenomenal World.Email him here. This interview was originally published in the Los Angeles Review of Books. ld: It returns to the problem of consistency. Select this result to view Jack Gross's phone number, address, and more. I think it’s striking, if you take the longue durée view of the evolution of the sciences, to recall where these divisions of knowledge we take for granted come from. Director at the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science since 1995 (emeritus as of Spring 2019), she is the author and co-author of over a dozen books, each stunning in scope and detail, and each demonstrating of her ability to make the common uncommon—to illuminate what she calls the “history of the self-evident.”. Divisions of labor between workers, managers, and bosses do not, Marglin argued, serve increases in productivity and material prosperity, but rather the consolidation of wealth and power. The major reason is that the vast majority of people did not belong to the reasonable male elite. As he put it, in his characteristic style: before 1654, there was no concept of probability; it was an unthinkable concept. Currently, Jack lives in Orlando, FL. Jurists, without having any kind of measurable scale, had already assigned fractions to these so-called indices of proof. ld: I think that’s correct, but I didn’t initially think of these projects as being linked. That’s because of an ancient philosophical and still unsolved problem: no universal can foresee all the particulars that it will encounter. This holds through all of your projects—from probability to observation to objectivity. They are meant to be tweaked in the face of experience, adjusted to specific circumstances. Aleatory contracts were particularly important because they were one way to get around prohibitions against lending at interest, traditionally seen as usury. Frances Fox Piven, Professor of Political Science and Sociology at the City University of New York and one of these few, has studied and agitated within American social movements since the 1960s. Technical improvements strengthened the relationship between the notions of mechanical and calculation. Select this result to view Jack P Gross's phone number, address, and more. JFI is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit applied research organization founded in 2014 by Bob Jain. And yet we know from history—and I know from my lifetime—that our deepest intuitions about all sorts of things, and in particular justice and injustice, can change dramatically. You see it most vividly in the research done by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in their famous work “Judgment under Uncertainty,” in which human reasoning is seen to be intrinsically flawed as measured by the standards of Bayesian probability theory. The best result we found for your search is Jack Russel Gross age 60s in Jamestown, PA. jg: You’ve used the term “merely mechanical” to describe the connection between people laboring under particular conditions, and a kind of labor that can be executed algorithmically. Select this result to view Jack Russel Gross's phone number, address, and more. Already in the 18th century at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, forms had been developed that divided the task of a complex calculation into small enough steps—so that, at least at the lower end, the Observatory could employ very cheap schoolboy labor in order to complete them economically. So, already by Elizabethan times, at least in English, the word had a very pejorative, socially hierarchical meaning attached to it. Condorcet advised against learning the multiplication tables by rote because that would be merely mechanical. I think there are two explanations: one minor, and one major, and both are still very much with us. I find the qualitative/quantitative division to be both puzzling and provincial—provincial in a double sense of it being linked to a particular language and also to our particular historical moment. Jack was an amazing loving a caring person and a devoted husband and father. Among his most cited early works is the two-part "What Do Bosses Do? Jack Gross: I’d like to start by asking about your new book project on rules—“all of them, everywhere,” as you said in a lecture this past winter. There are striking parallels between the story you tell and the contemporary development of artificial intelligence, which often requires immense amounts of unseen human labor. https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/80526148/marcus-frank-gross ld: The first attempts to create mechanical calculators date to 17th-century thinkers like Pascal and Leibniz. How do you see the history of science in relation to the social sciences more broadly? That same year, anti-poverty groups around the country formed a broad coalition that became the National Welfare Rights Organization, of which Piven was a founding member. View Jack Gross’ profile on LinkedIn, the world’s largest professional community. We can read interesting correspondences from astronomers at Oxford and Harvard recruiting the first generation of women college graduates to perform calculations for half the wages of men. Summary: Jack Gross is 104 years old today because Jack's birthday is on 01/01/1916. jg: I wanted to ask a general question about your first book, Classical Probability in the Enlightenment. September 26th, 2019 Jack Gross . The best result we found for your search is Jackie Gross age 40s in Cimarron, KS. We normally think of austerity as a process of paring back services, but those measures also generate new institutions. There’s an obvious and perhaps a less obvious attraction to doing this kind of history. Starting in the mid-19th century, when mechanical calculation genuinely becomes practically possible, the ambit of algorithmic rules grows, and by the middle of the 20th century, they become a form of rationality very much associated with the Cold War. jg: There seems to be a tension between the idea that mathematical probability can encourage the development of sovereign reasoning and the notion that we need to quantify and formalize the faculty of judgment. I have a strong sense that our best reasoning takes place at a semi-conscious level, and I’m very interested in how that lower stratum of reasoning—the intuitions that drive our thinking in philosophy, mathematics, and the rest—is established. Harvard Computers, circa 1890. Small Wonder (TV Series 1985–1989) cast and crew credits, including actors, actresses, directors, writers and more. She is an historian of social movements and of ideology—the political action that it both stems from and engenders, and the repercussions of elite politics for the lives of ordinary people. He played the Tuba in the Eastern High School Marching band. In their 2018 paper POTs: Protective Optimization Technologies (updated version soon forthcoming at this same link), authors Rebekah Overdorf, Bogdan Kulynych, Ero Balsa, Carmela Troncoso, and Seda Gürses offer some answers. It’s really important to distinguish between these two groups of people, because they are performing two very different tasks. Our conversation was edited for length and clarity. Some very early textbooks, like Condorcet’s textbooks for the Écoles Centrales, were suffused with the view that grasping fundamental mathematical concepts could serve as a model for political decisions: it would teach future citizens what a clear and distinct idea is—and thereby inoculate them against political demagoguery. Jack Gross is a writer, editor, and researcher in New York. Where does this phrase come from? After many of Jack's colleagues over the age of 50 were met with a similar fate, he decided to fight back against what he believed to be a clear injustice, and at first, the courts were on … ld: Right. How does the unthinkable become something we cannot think away anymore? We spoke over the phone to discuss the labor of calculation, the various emergences of formal rationality, and the importance of interdisciplinarity in the social sciences. Jack Gross is a writer, editor, and researcher in New York. We spoke over the phone to discuss the labor of calculation, the various emergences of formal rationality, and the importance of interdisciplinarity in the social sciences. The second aspect of legal theory that underpinned early formulations of mathematical probability was the so-called aleatory contract, which depends on an uncertain future outcome. Lorraine Daston has published widely in the history of science, including on probability and statistics, scientific objectivity and observation, game theory, monsters, and much else. Sign up for the JFI Letter, a weekly digest of compelling research across the social sciences. Little Mephisto — Phenomenal World . Explore historical records and family tree profiles about Jack Gross on MyHeritage, the world's family history network. Paul Gross is a Canadian producer, singer, director, writer and an actor most known for his role as Constable Benton Fraser in the TV series, Due South. Mixed Martial Arts on ESPN.com: latest news, scores, schedule, stats, and highlights from ESPN For example, a suspect seen emerging from the scene of a murder with an unsheathed bloody sword delivers a high degree of evidentiary probability that the suspect is the culprit; whereas the testimony of a maid who saw her master in an agitated state several hours later is granted a very low degree of probability. ld: Originally, in ancient Rome, the term “mechanical” referred to simple machines like a pulley or a lever, but, by the Middle Ages, it had already developed derogatory associations. Bob Edwards: Hello, I'm Bob Edwards with an AARP Take on Today. POTs—the analytical framework and the technology—suggest that the inevitable assumptions, flaws, and rote nature of optimization systems can be exploited to produce “solutions that enable optimization subjects to defend from unwanted consequences.” Despite their overbearing nature, optimization systems typically require some degree of user input; POTs uses this as a wedge for individuals and groups marginalized by the optimization system to influence its operation. Every second, Whitepages helps 19 people do reverse phone lookups, find people, and get background reports, including public records, in order to make smarter, safer decisions. The obvious one is the eruption of intellectual novelty, so fascinatingly presented in Hacking’s work. This is a simple economic story: an employer divides labor as finely as possible in order to employ the cheapest labor available on the market—schoolboys in this case, and then the highly educated, extremely conscientious labor of women. ld: To rehearse the obvious argument against gambling as the triggering factor: people have been gambling since time immemorial. To use an example from the social sciences: if you are looking for causal mechanisms, often only a detailed ethnography will reveal what exactly is the cause of some observed pattern in behavior. In his telling, mathematical probability hit with the suddenness of a thunderbolt. In your SSRC Fellow Lecture, you spoke about your research on rules as bringing together the “hard” and “soft” social sciences. The goal is to make one’s judgment consistent over the long run. Kim Phillips-Fein is an associate professor of history at New York University and the author of the books Invisible Hands: the Businessmen’s Crusade Against the New Deal and Fear City: New York’s Fiscal Crisis and the Rise of Austerity Politics, as well as the editor and co-editor of several collections in political economy, business history, and labor history. He has a creative mind and is often off in an alternate universe fighting an epic battle or inventing new characters. That really changes over the course of the 20th century. ld: If you look at the details of, for example, the British Nautical Almanac, you can see that there have always been people like the moderators who are tasked with cleaning up—people behind the scenes checking and proofreading calculations, and identifying where things go wrong. The people behind the curtain in modern AI projects are of two sorts: those who are thinking about how to divide a very complicated task into the tiniest possible steps, very much in the tradition of the history of mechanical calculation; and those whose work is compensatory for algorithmic systems—Facebook moderators, for example, who monitor objectionable content missed by the algorithms meant to eliminate it automatically. Few theorists of social movements have shaped the events that they analyze. The motivating question of the project was to understand how rules that intentionally involved judgment and adjustment to particular cases gave way to an understanding of rules as rigid, mechanical, and universally applicable. Condorcet’s curriculum featured instruction in probability—a reasonable calculus—to give future citizens a kind of road map for decision making. Historians of science are schooled to look for continuity, but Hacking framed his problem in terms of discontinuity. Similarly influential work conducted with Amit Bhaduri contested neoclassical models that view economic growth as a product of technological advancement and increases in the factors of production. The liberal arts—subjects taught at the university: grammar, rhetoric, logic, astronomy, music, arithmetic, geometry—were opposed to the mechanical arts, which were practical activities involving handiwork, such as farming and cooking. Eschewing the dominant frameworks used to analyze and critique digital optimization systems, the authors offer an analysis that illuminates fundamental problems with both optimization systems and the proliferating literature that attempts to solve them. ld: My college education in the 1970s coincided with the first phases of what we might call quantiphrenia: the beginning of academic evaluation in the form of not only grade point averages, but also citation indices, and so on.

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